dpwozney

No one has yet proven that man-made carbon dioxide emissions cause any alleged global warming or supposed climate change. Therefore, people should not have to pay higher prices for energy because of regulations and standards created on the basis of mere unproven allegations.

Of course, the reason would not be because Jesus said pride is an “evil thing”. “And he said, That which cometh out of the man, that defileth the man. For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders, Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness: All these evil things come from within, and defile the man.” (Mark 7:20-23, KJV)

The NDP party is considering dropping the phrase “democratic socialism” from the preamble to their party constitution. They might want to consider instead “socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor” since this seems to be the trend these days.

Actually, if cupronickel alloy currently is functioning as the monetary standard, the intrinsic metal value, of 1946-2011 U.S. Mint cupronickel nickels, will continue to remain somewhat close to face value. If such is the case, buying up cupronickel alloy will not really make anyone rich. Alternatively, if the stated value, of “Federal” Reserve notes, declines enough with respect to copper and nickel, the 1946-2011 U.S. Mint cupronickel nickels could become somewhat rare in mass circulation. The June 10th metal value of these nickels is “$0.0616203” or 123.24% of face value, according to the “United States Circulating Coinage Intrinsic Value Table” at Coinflation.com.

According to Wikipedia, “Money is any object or record, that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given country or socio-economic context”. According to Wikipedia: “The gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold. There are distinct kinds of gold standard. First, the gold specie standard is a system in which the monetary unit is associated with circulating gold coins, or with the unit of value defined in terms of one particular circulating gold coin in conjunction with subsidiary coinage made from a lesser valuable metal. “Similarly, the gold exchange standard typically involves the circulation of only coins made of silver or other metals, but where the authorities guarantee a fixed exchange rate with another country that is on the gold standard. This creates a de facto gold standard, in that the value of the silver coins has a fixed external value in terms of gold that is independent of the inherent silver value. Finally, the gold bullion standard is a system in which gold coins do not circulate, but in which the authorities have agreed to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price in exchange for the circulating currency.” Paper money, such as bank notes, would not have any value if it had no backing. In your view, is paper money, such as bank notes, “not really money”? Paper money, backed by assets, is not really separate from the assets because a contractual or legal obligation ties the money to the assets. As I said, commercial banks still have to meet customer demand for cash and coin. So the cash and coin, made available by a bank to meet customer demand, is some fraction of a larger money total. The value of collateral pledged by borrowers is a limiting factor that determines how much money commercial banks can create when they make loans.

If the amount of nickel, used in U.S. Mint coins, is about 4,000 tonnes per year, and if the rest of the world uses about the same average per-capita amount of nickel in their coins as the U.S.A., the whole world would use about 85,000 tonnes of nickel per year for coinage. 85,000 tonnes of nickel is about 5.3% of global yearly nickel production. But, rather than a nickel monetary standard, a cupronickel alloy monetary standard is more likely at this point in time. A one-dollar “Federal” Reserve note is directly convertible to a fixed mass of cupronickel alloy, namely, the amount of cupronickel found in twenty 1946-2011 U.S. Mint nickels.

In a gold-standard money system with fractional reserve banking, gold is the standard by which the dollar is valued; the dollar is worth some fixed unchanging mass of gold. In a gold-standard money system with fractional reserve banking, various types of money are backed by many other assets (i.e. collateral) other than just gold, just like in the present fiat money system. In the present fiat money system which has fractional reserve banking, various types of money are backed by many non-gold assets (i.e. collateral). In historical gold-standard money systems with fractional reserve banking, banknotes, non-gold coins, etc., were commonly used as money and considered to be money. In Canada and some other countries, there is no reserve requirement enforced by the central bank. However, commercial banks still have to meet customer demand for cash and coin. Supply and demand of mere numbers is not the same as supply and demand of a real physical commodity. Supply and demand of mere numbers does not affect price like supply and demand of a real physical commodity.

Silver production is about 21,000 tonnes per year. Nickel production is about 1,600,000 tonnes per year. Copper production is about 15,000,000 tonnes per year. Pig iron production is about 1,000,000,000 tonnes per year. The amount of nickel used in U.S. Mint nickels is less than 2,000 tonnes per year. Fluctuations in the stated value of “Federal” Reserve notes are significantly responsible for fluctuations in the stated values of all commodities including silver, nickel, copper, and steel. The text in the above article dated November 21, 1969 states: Additional new sources of nickel opened up since the mid-1970s include the relatively recent production of nickel pig-iron in China, as discussed in this article dated today. Nickel pig-iron is made from laterite ore mined in Indonesia and the Philippines.

In a money system with gold as the monetary standard, the following would all be part of the money supply and therefore would all qualify as being called some type of money: gold, non-gold coins, bank notes, traveler’s checks, credit money, demand deposits, checking deposits, savings deposits, and time deposits. I was referring to a gold-standard money system with fractional reserve banking. In a gold-standard money system with fractional reserve banking, many more assets, other than just gold, are used as collateral by which commercial banks create money when they make loans. However, in today’s money system, gold incidentally (and in addition to many other assets) can be used as collateral for commercial banks to create money when they make loans. I do not claim that we necessarily care what the gold reserves are, with the dollar off the gold standard. However, with the dollar on the gold standard, we would definitely care what various gold reserves are. An electronic entry is not all that is necessary to create money, in properly-done fractional reserve banking. In properly-done fractional reserve banking, collateral is also necessary to create money. It isn’t necessarily “government” decreeing currency values that constantly change during trading hours, and if anyone non-government is making a lot of money doing this, they would not want to make it obvious and known to the public. Supply and demand are considerations in the economy for many commodities, such as many base metals, which have a large number of buyers and sellers negotiating price and in which the market is not “cornered”. Such commodities are much less likely to have their values manipulated by some relatively small group of people. In your view, will silver and gold still “go up” even if “Federal” Reserve notes do not decline in value relative to the value of copper and nickel? There is no absolute guarantee that, in the future, “Federal” Reserve notes will decline considerably in value relative to the value of copper and nickel.

Gold is not too scarce to be used as specie in a money system, that allows fractional reserve banking, because more, than just gold, is used as money in such a system. Many more assets, other than just gold, are used as collateral by which commercial banks create money when they make loans. The reason why Nixon unilaterally cancelled the direct convertibility of “Federal” Reserve notes to gold is because the U.S.A. was running a balance-of-payments deficit and a trade deficit for the first time in the 20th century, due to costs such as the Vietnam war, and the U.S.A.’s gold reserves were starting to becoming depleted. If countries were to balance their budgets and not run perpetual balance-of-payments deficits (as should be required), devaluation of their currencies would not be necessary, and a unchanging long-term gold standard could be maintained. The current fiat money system allows for the stated value of currencies to be determined by decrees, external authoritative commands or orders for them to have various stated values, with those stated values constantly changing during trading hours so that they have the appearance of floating in a free market with normal supply and demand. In contrast, the value, of representative money, that is a claim on a commodity, is determined in a worldwide market for that particular commodity, with a large number of people deciding on the value. Unlike gold and silver, commodities, in which the market cannot be “cornered”, are much less likely to have their value manipulated. The market is very unlikely to be cornered for many base metals such as nickel. Again, if such a scenario was to happen, and “Federal” Reserve notes were to decline considerably in value, the 1982-2011 U.S. Mint 97.5% zinc pennies, and the 1946-2011 U.S. Mint cupronickel nickels, would become quite rare in mass circulation.

There is enough gold in the world for a gold monetary standard, if fractional reserve banking is allowed, just as it is allowed now with the current banking system. With credit money based on representative money acting as a claim on gold, enough gold is available to effectively act as the standard for the financial system.

In the U.S.A., banks and governments are constrained by the reality that if they print too much money and “Federal” Reserve notes decline considerably in value, the 1982-2011 U.S. Mint 97.5% zinc pennies, and the 1946-2011 U.S. Mint cupronickel nickels, would become quite rare in mass circulation.

In the above article, Forrest Jones writes: “Some aren't calling for gold to be used as tender but are calling for a return to the Gold Standard, which attaches the value of the dollar to a certain amount of gold.”. One disadvantage with gold as a monetary standard is that it is too high-value for small-change circulation coin, unless very-low-percentage-gold alloys are used. The smallest unit of value typically available in coin form for gold (say, for example, 1/10th of an ounce) is generally too high for purchasing many lower-value items and definitely too high for making change. Either pure nickel or cupronickel alloy, as a monetary standard, does not have this same problem. I prefer the idea of having the metals that are functioning as the monetary standard being in circulation as coin rather than all being stored away in a vault all of the time. A cupronickel alloy monetary standard is more likely than a gold monetary standard at this point in time. If the intrinsic metal value, of 1946-2011 U.S. Mint cupronickel nickels, remain close enough to face value, a cupronickel alloy monetary standard is possible. Alternatively, if the stated value, of “Federal” Reserve notes, declines enough with respect to copper and nickel, the 1946-2011 U.S. Mint nickels, composed of cupronickel alloy, could become somewhat rare in mass circulation. The June 3rd metal value of these nickels is “$0.0626101” or 125.22% of face value, according to the “United States Circulating Coinage Intrinsic Value Table” at Coinflation.com.

During the rapture (1 Corinthians 15:51-54, 1 Thessalonians 4:14-17), Jesus comes as a thief (Revelation 16:15). Therefore, God does not employ prophets to prophesy the day or the hour of the rapture. The coming of the Son of man to earth, as referred to in Matthew 24:30, will not be the Son of man coming as a thief, because of all of the preceding signs in Matthew 24:5-29. Also, the time of the rapture is the end of the age, the present church age, not the end of the world. The earth abideth forever (Ecclesiastes 1:4). “Unto him be glory in the church by Christ Jesus throughout all ages, world without end. Amen.” (Ephesians 3:21)

Energy companies probably are passing on the cost of carbon taxes, the cost of artificial capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide, and other Kyoto accord related costs, to gasoline buyers.

Man-made carbon dioxide emissions have not been proven to cause global warming or climate change. Therefore, artificial capture and storage of carbon dioxide has not been proven to be necessary to prevent or alleviate any supposed global warming or climate change alleged to be caused by man.

Relatively soon after carbon dioxide is released by man near ground level, it is removed from the atmosphere. Since carbon dioxide is heavier than air, carbon dioxide released by man near ground level sinks in air relatively quickly rather than rising up to the upper atmosphere to become a so-called greenhouse gas in the upper atmosphere. While sinking, this carbon dioxide stratifies from air; after sinking and stratifying, it tends to remain close to the ground. The carbon dioxide then dissolves in soil water or alternatively finds its way down to low-lying water bodies or down to ocean level where it readily mixes and dissolves in water or reacts with water to form weak carbonic acid. Carbon dioxide is also removed immediately from the lower atmosphere by rainfall. Continuous direct measurements of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been performed only since 1958 (at Mauna Loa, Hawaii) unlike carbon dioxide measurements before 1958, shown in red in the graph displayed here and in non-green in this chart. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A.D., many direct measurements of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide were higher than present-day carbon dioxide measurements and there was no runaway greenhouse-gas global warming effect.

Man-made carbon dioxide emissions have not yet been proven to cause global warming or climate change. Therefore, it is not fair to classify carbon dioxide emissions as pollution.

There is a difference between Albertans and the “Government of the Province of Alberta”. Many Albertans are opposed to any carbon tax. The “Government of the Province of Alberta” is opposed to a carbon tax imposed at the federal level. A so-called carbon tax was imposed by the “Government of the Province of Alberta". The vast majority of Albertans did not vote for the current “Government of the Province of Alberta”. Of Albertans who were eligible to vote, only about 40.6% voted in the last election for the “Government of the Province of Alberta” in 2008, a record low.

Even though man-made carbon dioxide emissions have not been proven to cause climate change, Stephen Harper tries to vilify and stigmatize carbon dioxide emissions by alleging they are causing climate change. Harper claimed the Lower Churchill River power project “is a big chance to shift an entire region of the country toward greener energy and away from large-scale greenhouse-gas emissions. So this is a very important part of our efforts to fight climate change in Canada”.

Okay, I am out of 2010 pennies right now, but the next time I get some 2010 pennies I will definitely try a magnet on them.

By “these days” I mean “over the past four years or so, since 2007”. Over the past four years or so, since 2007, most Canadian pennies have been made of mostly steel.

Do you have any source or link for your claim? This “Canadian Numismatic Publishing Institute” webpage, titled “Technical Aspects of Canadian Coinage - Canadian Circulation Coinage”, does not make any mention of any 2000-Date pennies that are composed of anything other than 94% steel, 1.5% nickel, and 4.5% copper plating.

I post my nickel sorting results in this thread. For the past six months, pure-nickel nickels have averaged about 7.7% of all nickels in circulation I have encountered. Nowadays, I am finding that, out of 1000 pennies, about 280 are mainly copper. U.S. Mint nickels, minted from 1942 through 1945, are 35% silver, 56% copper, and 9% manganese.

Why would you want coins to contain copper instead of pure nickel which is at least 2½ times more valuable than copper?