Equalization is based on a complex calculation which includes a variety of factors including resources. Similar schemes to equalization are seen all around the world for example in Europe the "Structural and Cohesion Funds" - there is no shame in giving or receiving equalization in any form. You also have to consider Quebec's economy before hitting on them, they have a large paper and pulp industry which has really been hard hit with the collapse/sluggish housing sector, and the overall decline in the pulp industry with changes in technology. All provinces are dealing with aging populations and inter-provincial migration, believe it or not the prosperity of the west along with labour mobility has left most of the young unemployed leaving their provinces and migrating towards the more wealthy provinces taking the future tax base (which otherwise would have paid for social assistance, provincial daycare programs, healthcare and other entitlements and even infrastructure) with them.
In terms of "biased" contract award decisions, those familiar with internal and international trade rules on government procurement would tell you that language is a legitimate form of discrimination on any tender document for government contracts. All governments discriminate and support their own states/provinces be it in Quebec, the United States or even the European Union - simply because the public investment dollars are funded from provincial coffers.
On the issue with the 17 year old - our Charter of Rights and Freedoms gives Quebec or any province the right to override portions of it - including the language law. If the kid had a name that sounded too English, perhaps he should have chosen a more French name? When in Rome - you follow the rules.